Ruff

Ruffs are highly migratory, breeding in marshes and wet meadows across northern Eurasia and wintering in southern Europe, Africa, and southern Asia. Their migration is a testament to their adaptability, capable of enduring long distances twice a year. During the non-breeding season, both males and females adopt a more uniform, subdued plumage that blends with the muddy flats and fields where they forage.

The diet of the Ruff consists primarily of insects, small invertebrates, and occasionally seeds, which they glean from the ground or shallow waters. During the breeding season, their diet shifts to cater to the high-energy demands of displaying and mating.

Reproduction in Ruffs is highly polygynous, with males gathering in communal display grounds, known as leks, to compete for the attention of females. Each male defends a small territory within the lek, performing elaborate dances and displays to attract reeves. Females then mate with one or multiple males based on the attractiveness of their displays and territory quality. After mating, females alone undertake nesting and chick rearing, laying 3 to 4 eggs in a ground nest concealed by vegetation.

The population of the Ruff is considered to be of Least Concern by the IUCN, although certain populations are experiencing declines due to habitat loss, changes in agricultural practices, and drainage of wetlands. Conservation efforts are focused on protecting important breeding and wintering habitats, as well as safeguarding key stopover sites along their migratory routes. The Ruff's elaborate breeding displays and migratory patterns highlight the complexity of avian life cycles and the need for international cooperation in bird conservation.