Lesser Fish Eagle

The Lesser Fish Eagle is diurnal and typically solitary outside of breeding season, often seen perched silently above fast-flowing streams and rivers. It occupies riverine forests, hill streams, and wetlands, using several habitual perches to hunt and rest. From dawn to dusk, it vigilantly scans water surfaces for moving fish, remaining motionless until a target appears. When disturbed, it takes flight in slow, deliberate wing beats before settling on a nearby branch. Although non-migratory, some populations may shift locally with water level changes. Juveniles disperse after fledging to establish feeding territories, and individuals often show strong site fidelity to favored hunting spots.

The diet of the Lesser Fish Eagle consists almost entirely of live fish captured from freshwater habitats. Using keen vision, it spots fish from perches and then executes a steep plunge toward the water, extending talons forward to snatch prey without landing. Typical prey includes small carp, catfish, and barbs averaging 100 to 300 grams in size, though larger specimens are taken when available. After capture, fish are carried to a perch and torn apart with the powerful bill. Occasional supplementation with amphibians and crustaceans occurs when fish availability is low, and seasonal shifts in river flow influence hunting techniques and perch selection. Nutritionally, the high protein and fat content of fish supports energy demands for flight, thermoregulation, and reproduction.

Breeding begins in spring, around March to June, when monogamous pairs perform courtship displays including aerial duets and calling flights. Nests are constructed of sticks and greenery on sturdy branches near water. After laying two to four eggs, the female primarily incubates while the male provides food. Both parents participate in feeding and guarding the hatchlings. Chicks fledge after approximately eight weeks but remain under parental care for several more weeks until fully independent.

Global population estimates range from one thousand to ten thousand individuals, with numbers declining due to deforestation, river modification, and pollution. Populations are patchily distributed across the Himalayan foothills, Southeast Asia, and the Malay Archipelago. Local conservation efforts include habitat protection, community-based monitoring, and pollution control. Despite a declining trend, some populations appear stable in protected areas. Continued surveys are needed to track trends and guide conservation planning for this Near Threatened species.